Di-ionizable p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-1,2-crown-3 ligands in cone and 1,2-alternate conformations: synthesis and metal ion extraction

Abstract

Novel di-ionizable p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-1,2-crown-3 ligands in cone and 1,2-alternate conformations were prepared as potential metal ion extractants. Selective bridging of proximal hydroxyl groups of the calix[4]arene platform by a crown-3 polyether unit was achieved under Mitsunobu reaction conditions. In addition to the carboxylic acid group, the acidity tunable N-(X)sulfonyl oxyacetamide functions [OCH₂C(O)NHSO₂X] with X group variation from methyl to phenyl to p-nitrophenyl to trifluomethyl were used as the proton-ionizable groups. Conformations and regioselectivities of the new ligands were established by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Competitive solvent extractions of alkali metal cations and of alkaline earth metal cations from aqueous solutions into chloroform were performed, as were single species extractions of lead(II) and mercury(II).