Phosphinic derivative of DTPA conjugated to a G5 PAMAM dendrimer: an 17O and 1H relaxation study of its Gd(iii) complex

Abstract

A DTPA-based chelate containing one phosphinate group was conjugated to a generation 5 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer via a benzylthiourea linkage. The Gd(III) complex of this novel conjugate has potential as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The chelates bind Gd³⁺via three nitrogen atoms, four carboxylates and one phosphinate oxygen, and one water molecule completes the inner coordination sphere. The monomer Gd(III) chelates bearing nitrobenzyl and aminobenzyl groups ([Gd(DTTAP-bz-NO₂)(H₂O)]²⁻ and [Gd(DTTAP-bz-NH₂)(H₂O)]²⁻) as well as the dendrimeric Gd(III) complex G5-(Gd(DTTAP))₆₃) were studied by multiple-field, variable temperature ¹⁷O and ¹H NMR. The rate of water exchange is faster than that of [Gd(DTPA)(H₂O)]²⁻ and very similar on the two monomeric complexes (8.9 and 8.3 × 10⁶ s⁻¹ for [Gd(DTTAP-bz-NO₂)(H₂O)]²⁻ and [Gd(DTTAP-bz-NH₂)(H₂O)]²⁻, respectively), while it is decreased on the dendrimeric conjugate (5.0 × 10⁶ s⁻¹). The Gd(III) complex of the dendrimer conjugate has a relaxivity of 26.8 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹ at 37 °C and 0.47 T (corresponding to ¹H Larmor frequency of 20 MHz). Given the contribution of the second sphere water molecules to the overall relaxivity, this value is slightly higher than those reported for similar size dendrimers. The experimental ¹⁷O and ¹H NMR data were fitted to the Solomon–Bloembergen–Morgan equations extended with a contribution from second coordination sphere water molecules. The rotational dynamics of the dendrimeric conjugate was described in terms of global and local motions with the Lipari–Szabo approach.